Lead levels should always be checked in children who may have eaten paint or objects covered in lead-paint dust. Hemoglobin can also be checked to test for anemia.
No single test confirms pica, but because pica can occur in people who have lower than normal nutrient levels and poor nutrition (malnutrition), the health care provider should test blood levels of iron and zinc. Such practices may stem from purported health benefits, such as the ability of clay to absorb plant toxins and protect against toxic alkaloids and tannic acids. Similar kaolin ingestion is also widespread in parts of Africa. Ingestion of kaolin (white clay) among African American women in the US state of Georgia shows the practice there to be a DSM-4 " culture-bound syndrome" and "not selectively associated with other psychopathology". Pica may be a cultural practice not associated with a deficiency or disorder. Sensory, physiological, cultural, and psychosocial perspectives have also been used to explain the causation of pica. More recently, cases of pica have been tied to the obsessive–compulsive spectrum, and a move has arisen to consider OCD in the cause of pica. Mental health conditions such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia have been proposed as causes of pica. Additionally, children and pregnant women may be more likely to have anemia or low hemoglobin relative to the general population. Practicing pagophagy and amylophagy is more highly associated with anemia. Specifically, practicing geophagy is more likely to be associated with anemia or low hemoglobin. People practicing forms of pica, such as geophagy, pagophagy, and amylophagy, are more likely to be anemic or to have low hemoglobin concentration in their blood, lower levels of red blood cells ( hematocrit), or lower plasma zinc levels. According to the DSM-5, mineral deficiencies are occasionally associated with pica, but biological abnormalities are rarely found.
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Pica is currently recognized as a mental disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). For example, lead poisoning may result from the ingestion of paint or paint-soaked plaster, hairballs may cause intestinal obstruction and Toxoplasma or Toxocara infections may follow ingestion of feces or soil. Complications Ĭomplications may occur due to the substance consumed. This pattern of eating should last at least one month to meet the time diagnostic criterion of pica.
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Pica has been linked to other mental disorders. In addition, it can cause surgical emergencies to address intestinal obstructions, as well as more subtle symptoms such as nutritional deficiencies and parasitosis. Pica may lead to intoxication in children, which can result in an impairment of both physical and mental development. Īccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), pica as a standalone eating disorder must persist for more than one month at an age when eating such objects is considered developmentally inappropriate, not part of culturally sanctioned practice, and sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention. The term was drawn directly from the medieval Latin word for magpie, a bird subject to much folklore regarding its opportunistic feeding behaviors. The ingested or craved substance may be biological, natural or manmade. It can be a disorder in itself or medical phenomena. Pica is the eating or craving of things that are not food.
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